Online engagement is harder than in-person engagement because the social pressure to participate is much weaker. Pupils can mute, switch off cameras, open another tab, and effectively disappear. Your job is to design the lesson so that disappearing is impossible without it being obvious.
Build in a participation moment every 3–4 minutes. This can be a chat response, a poll, an emoji reaction, a written answer in a shared document, or a mini-whiteboard held up to the camera. The exact tool matters less than the rhythm: pupils learn that they will need to do something visible very soon.
